Global Warming

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Tense

পর্ব-2 (প্রতিদিন একটি করে পর্ব প্রকাশিত হবে)

আজকের পর্বের আলোচ্য বিষয় :

Present Tense-এর সংজ্ঞা, উদাহরণ, ব্যবহার ও বাড়ির কাজ।

Present tense (বর্তমান কাল) 

১. Present indefinite tense: বর্তমানকালে কোনো কাজ সাধারণ ভাবে হয় বা হয়ে থাকে এরূপ বোঝালে verb-এর present indefinite tense হয় ।চিরন্তনসত্য, নিকটভবিষ্যৎ, অভ্যাস, প্রকৃতিবোঝাতেও present indefinite tense হয় । 

গঠন প্রণালি: Subject-এর পর মূল verb-এর present form ব্যবহৃত হয় । তবে subject (কর্তা) third person singular number হলে মূল verb-এর শেষে s বা es যোগ করতে হয় ।  

যেমন: 

• We live in Bangladesh. 
• The sun rises in the east. 
• Birds fly in the sky. 
• The rose smells sweet. 
• He does not sleep by day. 
• Does Ram not drink tea?

Present Indefinite tense- Gi e¨envi t

(i) wPišÍb mZ¨ (universal truth) eySv‡Z:

The sun rises in the east.

(ii) Af¨vmMZ Kg© eySv‡Z:

He goes to bed at 10 o’clock everyday.

(iii) fwel¨‡Z †Kvb KvR n‡e eySv‡Z A‡bK mgq G Tense e¨eüZ nq,

Ramadan begins in the next month.

(iv) often, usually, sometimes, always, occasionally, on Friday, twice, every day, every week BZ¨vw` kã ev phrase Gi mwnZ:

Muslims go to mosque on Friday.

(v) AZxZ Kv‡ji KvR eZ©gv‡bi KvR iƒ‡c eySv‡Z:

Humayun ascends the throne.

(vi) ‡Kvb e¨³v ev †jL‡Ki Dw³ DØ„wZ Ki‡Z:

Shakespeare says, “Life is a tale told by an idiot”.

(vii) Newspaper-Gi headline-G e¨eüZ nq|

(viii) Conditional sentence-G e¨eüZ nq:

If he wants, I’ll help him.

Unless you read seriously, you will not do well.

(ix) hw` Subordinate clause until, as soon as, when, before BZ¨vw` conjunction Øviv ïiæ nq Ges hw` fwel¨r Kv‡ji A_© eySvq Z‡e principal clause- Gi verb fwel¨r Kv‡ji n‡jI G tense e¨eüZ nq|

I shall wait until you come back.

As soon as the rain stops, we shall start playing.

(x) ‡h mg¯Í verb (‡hgb- see, assume, seem, hear, think, look, smell, taste, understand, believe, feel, love, expect BZ¨vw`) Gi continuous form-G e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i bv †m mg¯Í verb ¸‡jv present continuous - Gi cwie‡Z© present indefinite-G e¨eüZ nq| †hgbt

I see a bird. (not I am seeing a bird)

Dc‡ii AwaKvsk verb-Gi we‡kl A_© cÖKvk Ki‡Z continuous form nq| †hgbt

    1. hLb †Kvb gZvgZ †`Iqv ev PvIqv nq bv ZLb “think” present continuous-G e¨eüZ nq| 

†hgbt what are you thinking about?

    2. cÖZxÿv eySv‡Z “expect” continuous tense-G e¨eüZ nq| 
       †hgbt I am expecting you arrival.
 

(xi) ‡Ljvayjvi aviv eY©bv (commentaries on games) bvUK ev A‡civi eY©bv Ki‡Z G tense e¨eüZ nq| †hgbt A passes to B, B to D, D across F and he shoots and it’s a goal.

(xii) GB gvÎ ‡Kvb KvR m¤úbœ n‡q‡Q eySv‡Z| †hgbt He is gone.

২. Present continuous tense:  বর্তমান কালে কোনো কাজ হচ্ছে বা চলছে এরূপ বোঝালে verb-এর present continuous tense হয় ।

গঠন প্রণালি: Subject-এর পর person ও number অনুসারে am, is, are বসে এবং মূল verb-এর শেষে ing যোগ হয়। 

যেমন:   

• Mother is telling a story. 
• The dog is barking. 
• Tuli is singing a song. 
• I am seeing a bird. 
• Now it is not raining. 
• Rahim is catching fish.

Present continuous tense- Gi e¨envi t

(i) fwel¨ZKv‡ji A_© eySv‡Z|

     I am leaving tomorrow.

    Note: come I go verb e¨ZxZ Ab¨vb¨ verb-Gi mv‡_ fwel¨Z mg‡qi D‡jøL Ki‡Z nq|

(ii) ‡Kvb KvR c~‡e© kyiæ n‡q eZ©gvb Kv‡jI wKQz mgq Pjv eySv‡Z|

     Forman is working for examination.

(iii) weiw³ ev A¯^w¯Í eySv‡Z cÖvq cybt cybt NU‡Q Ggb Kv‡Ri †ÿ‡Î always Ges continually-Gi mv‡_|

     The students is always disturbing the class. (not all time) 

(iv) cwieZ©bkxj Ae¯’v (changing situation) eySv‡Z; 
     ‡hgbt The population of Bangladesh   is increasing rapidly.

(v) Today, this season, this year BZ¨vw` eySv‡Zt He often goes to school by bus but today he is       going by train.

(vi) e³vi ejvi mgq †Kvb KvR Pj‡Q wVK ejvi gyn~‡Z© bq ( not at the time of speaking) eySv‡Z|

     He is painting the building. I am reading Hamlet of Shakespeare.

     Note: Dc‡ii sentence `ywUi subject h_vµ‡g He Ges I KvR¸wj wVK ejvi gyn~‡Z© Ki‡Qbv|

* wb‡¤œi verb ¸wji mvaviYZ present continuous tense nq bv|

Verbs of perception / senses: feel, hear, see, smell, notice, observe BZ¨vw`|

Verbs of feeling and emotions: desire, dislike, fear, hate, want, like, love, mind, prescribe, wise, abhor, appreciate, care for, detest, value BZ¨vw`|

Verbs of possession: belong, own, possess.

Verbs of thinking: understand, know, think, realize, believe, except, recollect, remember, forget, recall, trust.

The Auxiliarries: may, shall, will, can, must BZ¨vw`|

     e¨wZµgt we‡kl A_© cÖKvk Ki‡Z G mKj verb-Gi continuous form nq|

৩. Present perfect tense: বর্তমান কালে কোনো কাজ এই মাত্র শেষ হয়েছে কিন্তু তার ফল এখনো বর্তমান আছে, এরূপ বোঝালে verb-এর present perfect tense হয় ।

গঠন প্রণালি: Subject-এর পর person ও number অনুসারে have বা has বসে এবং মূল verb-এর past participle form ব্যবহত হয় ।  

যেমন: 

• I have written a letter. 
• She has drawn a picture. 
• They have eaten rice.

 Present perfect tense- Gi e¨envi t

(i) AZxZ NUbvi dj GLbI eZ©gvb i‡q‡Q eySv‡Z:

Maulana Bhashani has done a lot for our country.

(ii) AZx‡Z A‡bK mgq a‡i †Kvb KvR n‡q‡Q Ges GLbI mg‡qi mgvwß nqwb Gi~c A_¨ cÖKvk Ki‡Z:

They lived in London for ten years.

(iii) ‡Kvb sentence-G Just, Just now, already, yet, never, ever, lately, recently BZ¨vw` Adverb Ges so far, up to now, up to the present BZ¨vw` Adverbial Phrase _vK‡j Present Perfect Tense nq|

I have already written the letter.

Have you ever been to Cox’s Bazar?

So far he has done well.

(iv) After, when, before c~‡e© _vK‡j Future Perfect Tense cÖKvk Ki‡Z Present Perfect Tense e¨eüZ nq|

Go to bed when/after you have done your home work.

(v) AZx‡Z †Kvb Kvh© msNwUZ n‡q‡Q Ges Zv eZ©gv‡b NU‡Z cv‡i Ggb eySv‡Z:

I have seen wolves in the forest.

Dc‡ii Sentence-wUi A_© it is still possible to see in the forest.

(vi) Incomplete period eySv‡Z ( today, this morning, this afternoon, this evening, this week, this month, this year, this century BZ¨vw`)

Tom has rung me three times this morning.

GLv‡b morning ej‡Z `ycyi 1Uvi c~e© ch©šÍ eySvq| hw` mgqwU 1Uvi ci eySvq ZLb Zv complete period eySvq Ges Zv Past indefinite tense nq|

Tom rang me three times this morning (at 2 pm)

I have seen him this afternoon (at 4 pm)

I saw him this afternoon (at 6 pm)

(vii) a. Af¨vmMZ Kg©(habitual actions) eySv‡Z: They have always answered my letter.

        b. ‡Kvb cybt cybt msNwUZ bv nIqv eywS‡q GKUvbv msNwUZ nIqv eySv‡j:

         Since my childhood I have learnt my lessons attentively.

         wKš‘y G‡ÿ‡Î Since Gi weKí wn‡m‡e for Gi c‡i period of time e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|

         I have learnt my lessons attentively for ten years. 

(viii) wb¤œwjwLZ ai‡bi Sentence-Gi †ÿ‡Î:

Jerry is the best boy I have ever seen.

This is the best book I have ever read.

Note: ever-Gi cwie‡Z© the first, the second, the only e¨envi Kiv hvq|

This is first time I have seen a lion.

This is the only book he has bought.

(ix) AZx‡Z msNwUZ n‡q eZ©gv‡b ‡Kvb KvR P‡j Giƒc eySv‡Z:

He has been in London for three years. (he is still in London)

wKš‘ He was in London for three years. (he is not in London now)

(x) ejvi mgq †Kvb KvR msNwUZ n‡q‡Q eySv‡j:

I have not seen you for years. (but I see you now)

The room has not been cleaned for months. (but we are cleaned it now)

(xi) wb¤œwjwLZ ai‡bi cÖkœ Ges Zvi DËi eySv‡Z:

How long have you been you here? – I have been here for six months.

Have you been to the zoo? – yes, I have been to the zoo.

The present used with for and since

For Gi e¨envi: (a) period of time (extending into the present) eySv‡Z: We have lives in Delhi for five years. (and still live there)

Note: be,live Ges wait Gi ci for _K‡j D³ for ev` †`qv hvq:

We have been here an hour.

Since Gi e¨envi : Point of time-Gi c~‡e© since e‡m: He has been ill since Monday.

Note: last Ges the last Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨: wbw`©ó mgq (point of time) eySv‡Z last Ges e¨vcK mgq  (period of time) eySv‡Z the last e¨eüZ nq| †hgb:

I have been here since last week.

I have been here for the last week.

(xii) wPwVc‡Î Present perfect tense cÖvqB e¨eüZ nq: I am sorry I have not written before.

৪. Present perfect continuous tense: বর্তমান কালে কোনো কাজ পূর্ব থেকে আরম্ভ হয়ে এখনো হচ্ছে বা চলছে এরূপ বোঝালে verb-এর present perfect continuous tense হয় ।

গঠন প্রণালী: Subject-এর পর person ও number অনুসারে have been বা has been বসে এবং মূল verb-এর শেষে ing যোগ হয় ।

যেমন: 

• I have been reading for five hours. 
• It has been raining since morning. 
• He has been suffering from fever for seven days.

Present perfect continuous tense- Gi e¨envi t  

     (i)          Present perfect continuous tense- Gi ‡ÿ‡Î e¨vcK mgq (period of time) Gi c~‡e©                for Ges wbw`©ó mgq (point of time) Gi c~‡e© since e‡m|        
              I have been reading for two hours. 
              I have been reading since in the morning.

(ii)          G Tense-G w¯’wZkxjZvi A_©ÁvcK (static Nature) Gi-verb ‡hgb stay, sit, stand, wait, study, lie, learn, rest, live, sleep, rain, work, teach BZ¨vw`I e¨enviB †ewk| G verb ¸wji Kvh© Zv‡`i cÖK…wZMZ Kvi‡Y Avi¤¢ n‡q eZ©gv‡b Movq| He has been sleeping for three hours. 

 (iii)       Present perfect tense-G cybtcybt msNwUZ Kvh©‡K Present perfect continuous tense-G cÖKvk Kiv nq| 

Present perfect: I have written six letters since breakfast.

Present perfect continuous: I have writing letters since breakfast.

Note: G‡ÿ‡Î present perfect I present perfect continuous-Gi cv_©K¨ nj present perfect tense –G m¤úK…Z number of times I number of things Gi D‡jøL _v‡K; wKš‘y present perfect continuous- G _v‡K bv Ges KvRwU wbiew”Qbœfv‡e ejv eySvq|

 বাড়ীর কাজ:

১. present indefinite tense-এর ১০টি উদাহরণ।

২. present continuous tense-এর ১০টি উদাহরণ।

৩. present perfect tense-এর ১০টি উদাহরণ।

৪. present perfect continuous tense-এর ১০টি উদাহরণ। 

চলবে......

১ম পর্ব: http://bdeducation-cat.blogspot.com/search/label/Grammar